The latter took its name from Jacques Bonhomme (ZHAHK bun-AWM), a traditional nickname for a peasant meaning "John the Good Man," and the rebels collectively called themselves Jacques. All over the continent, farms were empty and villages abandoned, leading to scarcity and higher prices- conditions that sparked a number of peasant revolts.įirst came the French Jacquerie (zhah-keh-RHEE) in the spring of 1358. Not until 1500, about 150 years after the Black Death, would the European population return to the levels of 1300. Peasant uprisings of the late 1300sīy the end of 1351, the Plague had run its course, but it left behind a population change equivalent to that which would occur in the modern United States if everyone in the six most populous states-California, New York, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, and Illinois-died over a four-year period.
This absurd explanation provided justification for many a pogrom (poh-GRAHM), or organized massacre. Searching for someone to blame, Europeans found a convenient scapegoat in the Jews, who they claimed had started the Plague by poisoning the wells of Europe. The flagellants were closely tied with a rising anti-Semitic trend. Some believed that the world was coming to an end, and some joined sects such as the flagellants (FLAJ-uh-luntz), religious enthusiasts who wandered the countryside, beating themselves with whips as a way of doing penance. The people of the time had no idea of this scientific explanation for the Plague and instead looked for spiritual causes and cures. Tournament: A contest in which knights fought, usually with blunted lances, for a prize or a favor given by a lady. Pogrom: An organized massacre of unarmed people, in particular groups of Jews. Perspective: An artistic technique of representing faraway objects so that they appear smaller than objects close by. Nationalism: A sense of loyalty and devotion to one's nation.
MIDDLE AGES TIME PERIOD NAMES PROFESSIONAL
Mercenary: A professional soldier who will fight for anyone who pays him. Joust: Personal combat, particularly on horseback and involving a lance. Flagellants: Religious enthusiasts of the Middle Ages who beat themselves with lashes as a way of doing penance. Words to Know: The Late Middle Ages Dauphin: The crown prince in prerevolutionary France. The ironic thing was that the force at the center of all this devastation was too small to see with the naked eye: a bacteria that lived on fleas, who in turn fed on rats. Either way, as the end approached, the victim turned purplish-black from respiratory failure hence the name. If they caught a strain of bubonic (byoo-BAHN-ik) plague, their lymph glands swelled or if it was pneumonic (nyoo-MAHN-ik) plague, the lungs succumbed first. Victims typically died within four days-a hundred hours of agony. The only merciful thing about the Black Death was its quickness. Quickly it penetrated the entire European continent and beyond, from Palestine to Greenland. Meanwhile, it had reached Paris in January 1348, and within a year, 800 people a day were dying in that city alone. From there it was an easy jump to the Italian mainland, and by the following April all of Italy was infected. The first outbreak in Western Europe occurred in October 1347, in the city of Messina at the northeastern corner of Sicily. Likewise the opening of trade that had followed the Crusades aided its spread, as Italian merchants unknowingly brought the disease home in their ships. Thanks to the Mongols' conquests, which had made travel between East and West safer and easier than ever before, it quickly made its way to the Black Sea shore, where it erupted in September 1346. Sometimes called simply "the Plague," the Black Death killed between twenty-five and forty-five percent of the European population. Then, in 1347, Europe was hit by one of the worst disasters in human history, an epidemic called the Black Death. First Germany and other northern countries experienced crop failures from 1315 to 1317, and these resulted in widespread starvation and death.
MIDDLE AGES TIME PERIOD NAMES SERIES
In 1300, Europe had about 100 million people then a series of calamities struck. Among these were the upheaval created by the Black Death and Hundred Years' War, and the decline of the two institutions that had long dominated European life: feudalism and the papacy.
Yet there was plenty about this time that was truly medieval, and whereas some events pointed to the future, other occurrences signaled the end of an era. T he period known as the Late Middle Ages (1300–1500) can also be considered the beginning of the Renaissance, which had its roots in the changes that began to gather speed during those two centuries.
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